Dangers of Second-hand Smoke

What is second-hand smoke?

Second-hand smoke, also known as passive smoking or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is the inhalation of smoke by person other than the active smoker. Even if you yourself don't smoke, but the person next to you is puffing like a chimney, you are getting the second-hand smoke. Non-smokers who breathe in second-hand smoke take in nicotine and toxic chemicals the same way as smokers do.

Enforce smoking restriction at work and public places.

There are two forms of smoke that made up second-hand smoke: the sidestream smoke and mainstream smoke. The sidestream smoke is the smoke that comes from the lighted end of a cigarette or pipe, it is the direct result of burning the tobacco product. The mainstream smoke is the smoke exhaled by the active smoker.

Sidestream smoke is much more dangerous than mainstream smoke because it has higher concentration of dangerous chemicals like ammonia, carbon monoxide, cyanide, lead, formaldehyde, and other agents that can cause cancer. It also has smaller particle size so it's easier to reach our lungs and cause damage to our cells. As if that's not bad enough, these dangerous particles can stay in the air for hours or even longer. Even when the smoke has cleared out, the residue remains on the person's hair and clothing, as well as the furniture, carpets, wallpapers, and other things.

dangerous particles stay in the air even after the smoke clears

What are the dangers of second-hand smoke?

In adults, second-hand smoke causes the same problems as direct smoking. These include lung cancer and other cancers like breast, kidney, and leukemia, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, allergies, ear infection, and many others. The bottom line is that it increases the overall death rate.

In children, second-hand smoke causes low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome, childhood asthma and allergies, respiratory tract infections, ear infections, and chronic irritation.

How can you can reduce or even eliminate exposure to second-hand smoke?

• Don't allow smoking in your home or your vehicle. If family members or guests want to smoke, ask them to step outside. No ventilation system or air purifier can completely eliminate second-hand smoke 
• Enforce smoking restriction at work and public places. Don't hesitate to warn people if they're breaking the rules.
• If you have close people like your partner, family, or friends who smokes, offer support and encouragement to stop smoking.

The Flu Facts

The flu or influenza is a viral infection.

Influenza or the flu is a viral infection that affects the respiratory system, mainly the nose, throat, bronchi, and occasionally the lungs. The virus is transmitted via droplets whenever an infected person cough or sneeze. It can affect anybody from any age group and may cause epidemics, especially during winter season. Worldwide, these annual epidemics result in about three to five million cases of severe illness, and about 250.000 to 500.000 deaths.

There are three types of influenza virus: type A, B, and C. Type C influenza cases occur much less frequently than A and B. That is why seasonal influenza vaccines only includes type A and B viruses. In April 2009, a new type of influenza virus called the novel H1N1 swine flu developed in Mexico and rapidly spread worldwide. It caused the WHO to declare a flu pandemic which was finally over in 2010.

Most people recover within one or two weeks. 

The characteristic symptoms of influenza are sudden onset of high fever, non productive cough, muscle and joint pain, headache, severe malaise (feeling unwell), sore throat and runny nose. Most cases resolve within one to two weeks even without any treatment. However in infants, the elderly, and people with serious medical conditions, infection can lead to pneumonia and even death.

"Worldwide, annual influenza epidemics result in about three to five million cases of severe illness, and about 250.000 to 500.000 deaths."

 

Influenza vaccination is given annually.

While the influenza vaccine is available, the virus strain is ever changing so vaccination has to be repeated every year. In healthy adults, influenza vaccine can prevent 70% to 90% of influenza-specific illness. In the elderly, the vaccine reduces severe illnesses and complications by up to 60%, and deaths by 80%.


Annual vaccination is recommended for nursing-home residents, elderly individuals, people with chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, pregnant women, health care workers, people with essential functions in society, and all children from ages 6 months to 2 years.

Antibiotics are not used to treat uncomplicated influenza cases.

Treatment consists of symptomatic medications to relieve pain and fever, decongestants, and antihistamines. Over-the-counter flu preparations often combine these types of medications. However, these drugs do not treat the viral infection itself. Depending on your condition, your doctor may prescribe antiviral medications like amantadine, remantadine, oseltamivir, and zanamivir that act against the influenza virus. Don't forget simple measures like getting enough rest, drinking plenty of fluids, and eating properly to help you recover faster.

Basic Knowledge About Diabetes

What is diabetes?

Diabetes is a chronic disease in which blood sugar levels are above normal. An organ in our body called the pancreas produces a hormone called insulin. Insulin helps control the sugar level in your blood and help glucose to get into the cells of our bodies. Glucose is the main energy source for our cells. Even though you have high levels of it in your blood, your body cannot make use of it without insulin. In short, your cells are starving even though you have abundant energy source.

diabetes is having too much sugar in your blood

When you have diabetes, your body either doesn't make enough insulin or can't use its own insulin as well as it should. This causes sugar to build up in your blood. Diabetes can cause serious health complications including heart disease, blindness, kidney failure, and lower-extremity amputations. In 2009, diabetes was the sixth leading cause of death in the United States.

What are the types of diabetes?

There are two types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, previously known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile-onset diabetes, account for about 5% of all diabetes cases. In this type of diabetes, the cells of the pancreas can no longer make insulin because the body's immune system has destroyed them. Type 2 diabetes, previously known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes, account for about 90% to 95% of all diabetes cases. This type of diabetes usually begins with insulin resistance in which the body can not properly use insulin. Over time the pancreas loses the ability to secrete enough insulin in response to meals.

What are the risk factors for diabetes? 

• Being overweight or obese.
• Having a parent, brother, or sister with diabetes.
• Being African American, American Indian, Asian American, Pacific Islander, or Hispanic American/Latino heritage.
• Having a prior history of diabetes in pregnancy or birth of at least one baby weighing more than 9 pounds.
• Having high blood pressure measuring 140/90 or higher.
• Having abnormal cholesterol with HDL ("good") cholesterol is 35 or lower, or triglyceride level is 250 or higher.
• Being physically inactive—exercising fewer than three times a week.

blood sugar monitor

When should I be tested for diabetes?

 

Anyone aged 45 years or older should consider getting tested for diabetes, especially if you are overweight. If you are younger than 45, but are overweight and have one or more additional risk factor, you should consider getting tested.

What are the symptom of diabetes?

Many people have no signs or symptoms of diabetes. The symptoms can also be very vague that you might not notice them until you have suffered the complications. Initial signs of diabetes are

• increased thirst
• increased hunger
• fatigue
• increased urination, especially at night

Over time, you may also develop weight loss, blurred vision, slow healing sores. More serious findings are kidney problems, heart problems, or loss of consciousness.

What is the treatment for diabetes?

Type 1 diabetes is treated by healthy eating, exercise, and insulin injections. For type 2 diabetes, the treatment consists of healthy eating, exercise, routine blood glucose testing. In addition, people with type 2 diabetes often requires oral medication, insulin, or both to control their blood sugar levels.

People living with diabetes may see endocrinologists, who may specialize in diabetes care; ophthalmologists for eye examinations; podiatrists for routine foot care; and dietitians and diabetes educators who teach the skills needed for daily diabetes management.