Common Causes of Abdominal Pain

Abdominal pain is one of the most common reasons for doctor visit with severity ranging from mild to life threatening. Everyone experiences abdominal pain from time to time. As with the other common symptoms, it’s important to recognize whether or not the pain requires immediate medical attention.

What are the symptoms that accompany abdominal pain?

Often times, abdominal pain is accompanied by changes in bowel movement (either diarrhea or constipation), blood or mucus in the stool, flatulence, bloating, nausea and vomiting, fever, back pain, urinary pain and urgency, chest pain, shortness of breath and cough. In women, abdominal pain may be accompanied by changes in menstrual pattern and vaginal bleeding or discharge. In these cases, the possibility of pregnancy or other diseases related to the female reproductive organs must be considered.

What are the causes of abdominal pain?

In mild cases, the causes of abdominal pain can be indigestion, constipation, food poisoning, food intolerance, gastro esophageal reflux disease, irritable bowel syndrome, gas, muscle strain, and menstrual cramps in women. More serious cases include peptic ulcers, gastroenteritis, appendicitis, gall stone, kidney stone, urinary tract infection, hernia, inflammatory bowel diseases, pancreatitis, hepatitis, and diverticulitis. The really serious problems are bowel or intestinal obstruction, perforation, peritonitis, ectopic pregnancy, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, cancer of the stomach, pancreas, colon, liver, or other organs, and intestinal ischemia.

How can you tell if the abdominal pain is a sign of serious disease?

Evaluation of the onset, duration, location, quality, and other characteristics of the abdominal pain, along with the accompanying symptoms may give a clue whether or not it is caused by a serious underlying disease that requires emergency treatment. 

 

The characteristics, duration, and causes of abdominal pain can vary greatly.

Seek medical attention of you experience any of the following:

• Severe pain that restricts your movement or made you so uncomfortable that you can’t sit still.
• Pain that occurs after a recent trauma or injury
• Severe tenderness when you touch your abdomen
• A rigid, board-like abdomen
• Pain accompanied by fever over 38.3 C (101F)
• Vomiting blood or coffee grounds appearing substance
• Blood in the stool, either fresh blood or black tarry stool
• Worsening bloating or constipation or inability to pass stool
• Blood in the urine or cloudy urine
• Inability to take down food or liquid
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain or discomfort
• Vaginal bleeding
• Pain that occurred during pregnancy
• Worsening symptoms that do not improve after 2 days
• Unexplained weight loss over a period of time

 

Other considerations regarding abdominal pain

 

Sometimes the degree of pain may not reflect the seriousness of the condition. Early appendicitis or pancreatic cancer may elicit only vague pain. In contrary, you may have severe pain from gas or muscle cramps. However, it’s better to be safe than sorry and seek medical help for all severe pain.

Generalized pain is usually caused by indigestion, gas, viral gastroenteritis, food poisoning or intolerance, and irritable bowel syndrome. Usually, the cause of generalized pain is less serious than localized pain. However, severe generalized pain with rigid abdomen is a sign of a serious problem like perforation, peritonitis, or intestinal blockage.

Depending on the location, localized pain is usually caused by abnormalities of the internal organs. Upper abdominal pain may be caused by peptic ulcers, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, or other diseases in the chest cavity like pneumonia or angina. Pancreatitis and early appendicitis usually cause pain in the central area of the abdomen. In late appendicitis, the pain will migrate to lower right abdomen. Diverticulitis causes pain in the lower left area. Location for the rest of the causes of abdominal pain may vary.

Finding out the cause of abdominal pain

 

Physical examination by a health care professional is still the most important diagnostic step. A good history taking by a doctor will give a clue to aid the diagnosis and saves you from undergoing expensive and unnecessary medical procedures. Depending on your condition, after physical examination your doctor may order stool, urine, or blood test, ultrasound, CT-scan, and endoscopy.

Treatment of abdominal pain

The management of abdominal pain depends on the cause. Mild pain from indigestion, viral gastroenteritis, or food poisoning can be treated with home treatment. Antacids, antibiotics, and other oral medications may be given for ulcers or conditions related to infection. Surgery is often needed for more serious causes like appendicitis, hernia, or perforation.

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Other articles in common symptoms:

• Everyone has had a fever at least once in their lifetime. Like pain, fever is an important sign that tells you something wrong is happening in your body. Read more about fever and when to seek help when you have one
• Coughing is basically a protective reflex to clear the lungs and airways from foreign material. It's A cough is only but a symptom, not a disease. Read more about the cough reflex
• The skin is our body's largest organ. Changes in skin appearance may be caused by something as minor as acne or they can signal a more serious underlying condition. Read more about common skin problems

How Your Body Works: The Digestive System

The human digestive system breaks down food from larger molecules into smaller components that can be used by the cells as sources of energy and to build and repair tissues. The digestion process itself involves complex mechanical and chemical action that requires energy. The digestive system consists of two main components: the digestive tract-which starts from the mouth and ended up in the anus, and internal organs that are not part of the digestive tract, but play important roles in food digestion.

Parts of the digestive system

The components of the digestive tract are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum, and the anus. These hollow organs are lined with a mucosal layer that contains glands that produce protective mucus, acid, and digestive juices. The pancreas is an organ that produce enzymes that help break down the food. Besides producing digestive enzymes, the liver also serves functions related to detoxification, metabolism, and energy storage. The gallbladder stores bile acid until it is needed in the intestines.

Food passes from the mouth through the esophagus into the stomach where acid and digestive enzymes break it down before it passes to the small intestines. In the small intestines, most of the digestion process takes place and food components are absorbed. The remnants of the food passed to the large intestines and the indigestible components are expelled through the anus.

Mouth and pharynx

The mouth is the start of the digestive tract. Chewing is a mechanical process that breaks down food into smaller pieces. Salivary glands produces saliva that contains enzymes that starts to break down food chemically. However, because food only stays in your mouth for a short time, the enzymatic reaction is minimal. It is still important to chew properly and not swallow too quickly, though. Doing this will ensure the subsequent digestion process runs more smoothly as the food travel down the pharynx (throat) to the esophagus.

Esophagus

The esophagus connects the pharynx to the stomach. It is a tube lined with muscle tissue that propels the food by contractive movements called peristaltic. There is no enzymatic process that takes place in the esophagus. At the lower end, there is a ‘gate’ called the lower esophageal sphincter that prevents food from going backwards into the esophagus.

Stomach

Also known as the gaster, the stomach is a round sac-like structure that holds the food for mechanical and chemical processing. It mixes up the food with acid and enzymes that continue breaking down the food. Gastric acid kills the majority of bacteria that got eaten, but our stomach is protected against it by the mucosal layer. When it leaves the stomach into the first part of the small intestines, the food will be in paste-like form. The stomach emptying rate depends on the type of food we eat. Carbohydrates spend the least amount of time in the stomach, protein stays longer, and fats the longest.

Anatomy of digestive system

Small intestines

The small intestine is a very long tube that is coiled inside the abdomen. Spread out, the length of our small intestines will reach over 20 feet long. It is made up of three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. With the help of pancreatic enzymes and bile from the liver, the small intestine continues the process of breaking down food as it mixes everything up by peristaltic contractions. Usually after the food passed the duodenum, it is already broken down into small molecules that are ready to be absorbed in the jejunum and ileum into the bloodstream. Once the nutrients have been absorbed, the leftover liquid passed into the large intestine.

Large intestines

Also known as the colon, the large intestine is a 5 feet long tube that extends from the end of ileum to the rectum. It is made up of four parts: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid. The undigested leftovers of food are passed through the colon and excess water is reabsorbed from them. The stool, which consists mainly of debris, fiber, and bacteria, is accumulated inside the sigmoid colon until a bowel movement empties it into the rectum.

Rectum

The rectum connects the colon to the anus. When the rectum receives the stool from the sigmoid colon, you will feel a sensation that prepares you for stool evacuation. Sensors from the rectal mucosa signal the brain which then decides whether or not it’s okay to release the rectal content. If the brain allows, the sphincter muscle relaxes and the stool will be propelled into the anus.

Anus

The anus is the end of the digestive tract. It is made up of internal and external sphincters and supported by the pelvic muscular tissue. The sphincters control the evacuation process so we don’t defecate when we’re not supposed to. The pelvic floor muscle supports the sphincter function by creating an angle between the rectum and the anus that holds the stool inside.

As mentioned before, besides the digestive track, some internal organs play an important role in digestion. They are the pancreas, the liver and gallbladder.

Pancreas

The pancreas secretes enzymes that break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates from the food we eat. Besides producing enzymes, the pancreas also serves an endocrine function-that is, producing hormones. The alpha and beta cells of the pancreas respectively produces glucagon and insulin that act against each other to control blood sugar level.

Liver and gallbladder

The liver produces bile which then stored inside the gallbladder. The bile is a compound that helps to the digest fat and eliminates waste products from the blood. During a meal, especially a fatty one, the gallbladder contracts and sends bile to the small intestine. The liver also serves to detoxify the things we digest. Nutrient-rich blood from the small intestines flows to the liver through a blood vessel called the portal vein where it is cleansed from metabolic wastes.

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Other articles on how your body works:

• The cardiovascular or circulatory system is made up of two components: the heart and the blood vessels. Read more about how your cardiovascular system works 
• The human respiratory system consists of a complex set of organs and tissues designed to capture oxygen from the environment and transport the it into the lungs. Read more about how your respiratory system works
• Everyone experience pain at some point of their life. Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in the United States. Read more about physiology and psychology of pain

Deep Venous Thrombosis

What is deep venous thrombosis?

Being physically active prevents deep venous thrombosis.

Blood clots can form inside our veins both superficial and deep. If the superficial veins are affected, the condition is called superficial thrombophlebitis which rarely causes any problems. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a condition in which a blood clot (thrombus) forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. The clots in deep veins are dangerous because they can break loose and travel through the bloodstream to the lungs. Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a life threatening condition where a blood clot blocks the blood flow to the lung.

What are the risk factors to develop deep venous thrombosis?

In the United States around 350.000 to 600.000 people got deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism each year. DVT can affect any person of any age, but the condition tends to happen in the elderly and in people with risk factors, such as:

• Long periods of inactivity such as sitting when traveling by plane or car or being in prolonged bed rest status. If your legs remain, your calf muscles don't contract to help blood circulate, which makes it easier for blood clots to develop.
• Injury or surgery can disturb your blood flow. The general anesthetics used in surgery can widened your veins and makes it easier for blood to pool together and form clots.
• Inheriting a blood clotting disorder
• Pregnancy increases the pressure inside the veins. The increased risk for clot formation continues until 6 weeks after giving birth.
• Cancer and its treatment increase the chance for blood clot formation.
• Birth control pills or hormonal replacement therapy
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Medical procedures that place a catheter or a pace maker through your veins
• A past history and/or a family history of DVT or PE
• Other medical condition such as inflammatory bowel diseases and heart failure

What are the symptoms of deep venous thrombosis?

In about half of all cases, DVT occurs without any noticeable symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they can include swelling, pain, warmth, and changes in skin colors on the affected leg, including in the ankle and foot.

When pulmonary embolism is about to develop, the warning symptoms usually include shortness of breath, chest pain or discomfort, feeling faint or dizzy, rapid pulse, sweating, coughing up blood, and feeling anxious or nervous. If you experience any of these, immediately seek medical assistance.

How to treat and prevent deep venous thrombosis?

Your doctor may perform ultrasonography on your legs, run some blood test, and get a chest x-ray or to help with the diagnosis. Immediate treatment involves blood thinners like heparin and warfarin to prevent the blood clots from growing. You will need to continue taking these medications for at least 3 months. In rare cases, a vena cava filter may be used to filter the blood that returns to the heart and prevent the blood clots to travel into the lungs.

To prevent DVT, move your legs often during long trips and in other situation which you are required to sit or lie down for long periods of time. On long flights, walk up and down the aisle hourly, flex and point your feet every 20 minutes while sitting, and drink plenty of water. Pressure stockings are also helpful to reduce the chance of getting blood clots.

Going Somewhere? Basics of Travelers' Health

Nobody wants to fall sick or get hurt during a trip, but sometimes these things happen. You may not be able to prevent every illness or injury, but you can plan ahead to be able to deal with them. Here's a bit of information to keep in mind whenever you're planning for a travel, especially international ones, in order to ensure a safer, healthier and more enjoyable experience.

Learn about your destination

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides health-related information on destination countries which includes disease outbreaks, natural disasters, and other events. Besides the information provided by the CDC, you should also gather as many details as possible about your specific destination. Take into consideration the modes of travel, lodging, food, and activities during your trip.

Seek travel health advice from your physician or travel medicine provider

Ideally, set up a visit 4-6 weeks before your trip because you may need some vaccinations that may take some time in order to be effective. Besides giving required immunizations, during the pre-travel visit, your doctor may recommend some medications to prevent specific diseases (such as antimalaria drugs) and give specific health advice for preventing and treating travelers’ diarrhea and other illnesses.

Consider your health status.

Avoid traveling when you're sick, especially if you have contracted a communicable disease. If you have a chronic medical condition or are taking medications, consult your regular physician for travel advices and be sure to pack enough medications for the duration of your travel. Travelers with infant or young children, those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, and people with weakened immune system may need extra care during their travel.

Know your vaccinations.

CDC divides vaccines for travel into three categories: routine, recommended, and required. Routine vaccinations protects you from diseases that may still be common in other parts of the world even though they rarely occur in your country of origin. Recommended vaccinations are given depending on your destination, whether you will be spending time in rural areas, the season of the year, your age, health status, and previous immunizations. The only required vaccinations are the yellow fever vaccination for travel to certain countries in sub-Saharan Africa and tropical South America and the meningococcal vaccination for travel to Saudi Arabia during the Hajj.

Prepare your personal travel health kit.

Generally in addition to personal medication, a good travel health kit contains:

• Basic medications for fever (acetaminophen or ibuprofen), diarrhea or stomach upsets (loperamide, oral rehydration packs, antacids), respiratory illness (antihistamines, cough preparation), anti-motion sickness medication, and anti allergic medications.
• Basic first aid and wound treatment kit
• Insect repellent
• Sunscreen
• Alcohol-based hand cleaner
• Contact card containing information about remaining family member or close contact in the country of origin, place of lodging, embassy contact number, and other emergency information.

Pay attention to your health during your trip and after you come back home.

Try not to take risks with your health and safety. Be careful about food and water. Wear proper protection such as insect repellants, sunscreen, protective clothing and gears during your travel. Some diseases like malaria and tuberculosis may have a long incubation time and symptoms can occur after you have returned to your home country. So pay attention to any suspicions health related complaints even after you got back.